Kurt Lewin and complexity theories back to the future

Joumal of Change Management, Vol. 4, No. 4, 309-325, December 2004 i\ l\ Kurt Lewin and complexity theories: back to the future? BERNARD BURNES Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, UK ABSTRACT Many writers acknowledge the significance of Kurt Lewin s contribution to organizational change. However, over the last 20 years, where the focus has been on rapid, transformational change, Lewin s work has increasingly become seen as outmoded and irrelevant to the needs of modem organizations. It might be expected that this tendency would increase as academics and practitioners draw on the work of complexity theorists to portray organizations as complex,†¦show more content†¦Many writers have argued that organizations are also complex systems which, to survive, need to operate at the edge of chaos and have to respond continuously to changes in their environments through just such a process of spontaneous self-organizing change (Lewis, 1994; Stickland, 1998; Macintosh and MacLean, 1999, 2001; Hayles, 2000; Macbeth, 2002; Stacey, 2003). This is a far cry from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, where the received wisdom was that change was an incremental process (Quinn, 1980) and that the best way to manage this was through Kurt Lewin s Planned approach to change (French and Bell, 1990; Cummings and Worley, 2001). Given its group-based, consensual and relatively slow nature. Planned change began to attract criticism in the 1980s from those questioning its appropriateness in an era of radical organizational change (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Wilson, 1992; Dawson, 1994; Buchanan and Storey, 1997; Hatch, 1997). The following quotation is perhaps typical of the criticisms levelled against Lewin s approach to change: Lewin s model was a simple one, with organizational change involving three stages; unfreezing, changing and refreezing . . . This quaintly linear andShow MoreRelatedPlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 PagesKurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal Bernard Burnes Manchester School of Management ï  ¡Ã¯  ¢Ã¯  ³Ã¯  ´Ã¯  ²Ã¯  ¡Ã¯  £Ã¯  ´ The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However, in the past 20 years, Lewin’s approach to change, particularly the 3-Step model, has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small-scale change projects; ignored organizational powerRead MoreGroup Decision And Social Change Essay1936 Words   |  8 PagesGroup Decision and Social Change - Kurt Lewin A diagnosis to this problem would be the fact that people almost always resist to change. The resistance to change at the City of Troutdale is a normal reaction. Organizational change is an ongoing topic in organizational behavior. As each manager wants to make the organization a better place because everyone is a part of it, organizational change is important to organizational development. Organizational change is the process of employees making relativelyRead MoreU.s. Government s Department Of Defense1238 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar to Max Weber s classical organization theory as he viewed it from a macro perspective (Onday, 2016). Conversely, the Government is very different from a micro-level perspective. Micro Level Contingency and Lateral Approaches The micro level, below the military and civilian directorates, the leadership is less authoritative, this is particularly true on the civilian side. The civilian side of Government follows more of neo-classical management theory, focused more on culture and performanceRead MoreCase Study: Transact Insurance Ltd1357 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences on the evolution of that culture. Consider the changes in the South African environment (competition, globalisation, employment equity, downsizing, need for innovation, etc), and indicate the suitability of the organisational culture for the future objectives of the organisation. Case study: Transact Insurance Ltd Transact Insurance Ltd (TIL) provides motor vehicle insurance throughout South Africa. Last year, a new managing director was hired by the TILS’s board of directors to improve theRead MoreCase Study: Transact Insurance Ltd1347 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences on the evolution of that culture. Consider the changes in the South African environment (competition, globalisation, employment equity, downsizing, need for innovation, etc), and indicate the suitability of the organisational culture for the future objectives of the organisation. Case study: Transact Insurance Ltd Transact Insurance Ltd (TIL) provides motor vehicle insurance throughout South Africa. Last year, a new managing director was hired by the TILS’s board of directors to improve theRead MoreZHANG Yuanli Mgts1601 Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesrecommendations based on the Kurt Lewin Change Model. Lewin’s model is also known as ‘Unfreeze-change-refreeze’ approach, where any change process in the organisation should be embraced after having thorough understanding of the process and adequate motivation for those affected has to be facilitated (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). 4|Page Organisation Behaviour; MGTS 1601; Individual Essay; Employee resistance to change Yuanli Zhang 43401163 (Figure 1.0 Kurt Lewin Change Model, source from AlchemyRead MoreApplication Of A Plagiarism Declaration4136 Words   |  17 PagesTitle: Organisational Behaviour Leadership Academic Tutor: Dr. Shova Thapa Karki Module Convener: Dr. David Twigg Submission Type (Delete One): Individual Word Count (if applicable): Page Count: WORK BASED REPORT As managers anticipate the future of their organizations in the midst of a persistent recession and rapidly changing global business environment, they can’t snub the inescapability of change. Change is certainly among the most frequently used words on the business pages of every newspaperRead MoreThe Importance of Management for the Success of an Organization2750 Words   |  11 Pagesorganization is required to marshal and control a group of people, guiding them toward optimal utilization of its resources – especially human—as it attempts to actualize its ultimate goals. Given the importance and subjectivity of management, several theories and techniques have emerged. In this essay I will discuss the ‘rational’ approach towards management. I will trace and examine the historical developments that have led to the emergence of the ‘rational’ approach over the past centuries. I will thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Lewin s Change Management Model And John Kotter s Eight Step Change Model2105 Words   |  9 PagesToit (2003) highlights the importance that when choosing the change model it is imperative agents are aware of the choice and its theory of use. Unfortunately â€Å"it is difficult to identify any consensus regarding a framework for organisational change management† (Todnem By, 2005, 370). This section will look to critically analyse two of the most commonly used models, Kurt Lewin’s change management model and John Kotter’s eight step change model (Mourfield, 2014). Carnall (2007) states Lewin’s changeRead MoreManaging Complex Change Within The Organization3878 Words   |  16 Pagesmanaging the change would remain the same. Management approach The most effective theory which I feel is more practical and applicable is the following This sums up the most complex of the changes bringing down to the most basic level. 1. Unfreeze 2. Transition 3. Refreeze THEORIES According to an article in Forbes, Change Management Guru is the world’s oldest profession. Almost everyone has a few theories about change management. While there are many change management models, most companies

Business Plan For A Business - 2550 Words

Activities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales report. 2. Staff survey form relating to customer service 3. Customer survey form relating to staff service 4. Restaurant business form financial budget 5. Microsoft word power point and excel 6. Completed menu redesigning proposal 7. Noticeboard†¦show more content†¦Budget level START DATE END DATE 03/06/2014 13/06/2014 11/06/2014 13/06/2014 09/06/2014 12/06/2014 02/07/2014 16/07/2014 02/05/2014 11/5/2014 18/07/2014 31/7/2014 22/07/2014 30/07/2014 02/08/2014 16/08/2014 18/08/2014 30/08/2014 02/09/2014 16/09/2014 18/09/2014 31/09/2014 02/10/2014 10/10/2014 The project stakeholders: -Restaurant manager -Restaurant director -Restaurant directors -Restaurant suppliers -Restaurant staffs -Accountants -A TO -Printing organization -Restaurant clients Establishing appropriate systems: All levels of restaurant staffs are inspired and launched to give their inputs also proposals to plan the new menu to draw in and hold more clients presently and later on. They include: . Support: attorneys, gourmet expert, sous culinary specialist are all spurred to give their assessments as far as the appearance, cancellation and expansion of new things on the current menu, they have given numerous inventive and innovative thoughts for the commitment of new menu. . Business Plan For A Business - 2550 Words Activities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales report. 2. Staff survey form relating to customer service 3. Customer survey form relating to staff service 4. Restaurant business form financial budget 5. Microsoft word power point and excel 6. Completed menu redesigning proposal 7. Noticeboard email and internet 8. Noticeboard internet intranet survey forms 9. Microsoft, word excel and power point software’s 10. Newly designed menu 11. Newly designed stake holder opinion 12. modified COMPLAINCE 1. Meet with company profit margins 2. Simply standard answers to choose from time saving 3. Simplified standard answers to timing saving 4. Ensure business UST and taxation. 5. Includes benefits of current and future menus cost benefit analaysis 6. Included project frame and budget level 7. Set a deadline for final conformation and support approval 8. Set a deadline for final comments and collection 9. Comply with organisation business development 10. Loyal customers and other stake holders 11. Comply with budget level organisationShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business1223 Words   |  5 Pagesyour own business is to prepare a business plan. A business plan is a written document describing your business future. It tells potential investors and customers what your goals are for the company and how you plan to achieve that. You will need to define your business, products and services, operating procedures and the route your company intends to take to achieve the goals that are set forth. This information summarizes the sense of your business in a single document. Business plans are inherentlyRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business998 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Prior to initiating a business, it is necessary for the management and the people involved to make sure that a proper business plan is set out in order to understand the needs of the business. In addition to this, it should also be made sure that the market is properly analysed and all the competitors are studied before taking any step related to the new business. Every business has different needs and is initiated in a different scenario. The business plan under evaluation in this paperRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1276 Words   |  6 PagesA business plan is sometimes ignored by some people, but I think it is important to develop a good business plan. I think this should be an interesting topic to discuss about. Yesterday, I receive a phone call from a new client asking for help to build a business plan for his new business. My role in this part as a business consultant is to not blindly do the work for my client but asking them questions to generate information about his i deas, and level of involvement to better help him build hisRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Business plans are statement of a business goals, reason they are attainable and plans on meeting it’ (FoxBuisness, 2013). A business plan maps the course and gives a detail plan on how these goals are achievable. It is also important to establish a solid business plan for funding. Some small business use venture capital, bank loans, personal funds, and private investors as sources of funding. The business plan must therefore, sell investors. A well-written convincing business plan can buy investorsRead MoreAn Business Plan For A Business Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagescelebration. This business sells games and other entertainment products. This business is commercial, but has a social conscience. It wants to sell to service a need, but also hopes to enrich the lives of those it serves as it addresses a need for meaning, not just connection or celebration. This business produces original IP to compete in the entertainment industry. This business will not produce entertainment that is divisive or for purely solitary consumption. This business might start withRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbrand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. What to Include in Your Business Plan Your businessRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1546 Words   |  7 Pagesenterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative or risk†. They are usually characterized as people with greatly valued self-reliance, with high optimism and people who who strive for distinction through excellence. I am interested in starting my own basketball business and becoming an entrepreneur. In order to start a business I need a business plan. From research, I have learned that my business plan needs to have an executive summary, identification of my business, financial recordsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1221 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness plans are documents used for planning out specific details about your business. They can range in size from a simple few sentences to more than 100 pages with formal sections, a table of contents and a title page. According to Entrepreneur Magazine, typical business plans average 15 to 20 pages. Comprehensive business plans ha ve three sections business concept, marketplace and financial and these are broken down into seven components that include the overview or summary of the plan, a descriptionRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business2550 Words   |  11 PagesActivities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales reportRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1866 Words   |  8 Pages Business Plan Buiness model in theory and practice according to Wikipedia is used for a broad range of informal and forma l descriptions to represent the core aspects of a business, including the purposes of that business, its process, target customers, of ferings, strategies , infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practice, and operational processes and policies . Below, we would look at two kinds of business model (franchise and tradition al business) , their pros and cons, o r their

The Odyssey Theme Hospitality Sample Essay Example For Students

The Odyssey Theme: Hospitality Sample Essay There are many different subjects in The Odyssey. but the most outstanding subject Homer portrays in his heroic poem verse form is cordial reception or Xenia. The act of Xenia was possibly the most of import Grecian usage out of all because you see it being performed clip and clip once more throughout Odysseus’ journey place. The Odyssey was about the 20 twelvemonth long journey of King Odysseus return to Ithaca from combating in the Trojan War. The subject of cordial reception is present non merely while Odysseus is going from metropolis to metropolis. but besides at his place in Ithaca. where his married woman and boy. Penelope and Telemachus’ . castle is being overrun with suers. On Odysseus’ seeking journey place. he was welcomed by several male monarchs exposing Xenia. non merely because it was Grecian usage. but because it was disrespectful to Zeus. the God of cordial reception. if they didn’t. After going from Calypso’s island and confronting a heavy storm Poseidon stirred. Odysseus eventually landed on Scheria. The king’s girl Nausicaa saw Odysseus and explained. â€Å"But now. you’ve reached out metropolis and our land. you’ll neer deficiency for vesture or any other gift. the right of raddled petitioners come our manner ( 6. 210-213 ) . This is a premier illustration of how obedient the Ancient Greeks following their strong traditions. Nausicaa didn’t hesitate to assist Odysseus and seemed proud as she was depicting her metropolis. which portrays another subject which is Kleos. The thought of Xenia was extremely regarded in The Odyssey. and disrespecting it was wholly unacceptable. In the beginning. Telemachus and Penelope had to unwillingly host 108 suers who took advantage of their cordial reception. This was a offense that was impermissible so Mentor explains. â€Å"Reach deep down in your bosom and psyche for a manner to kill these suers in your house by stealing or unfastened combat† ( 1. 339 ) . This is an illustration of how earnestly the Ancient Greeks valued cordial reception and regard for the Gods. It besides illustrates the Greeks extreme behaviour towards people mistreating their cultural values. Hospitality was so of import in the Ancient Greek’s lives that they obeyed their tradition even if it may hold displeased them. In book 14. when Odysseus returned to Ithaca and went to the pigman disguised. Eumaeus invites him in. provenders him. and gives him a topographic point to kip. The text reads â€Å"Not his manner to bed indoors. apart from the hogs. He geared up to travel outside and it warmed Odysseus’ heart† . ( 14. 592-595 ) This proves how willing the Greeks were to delight their invitees. for case. Eumaeus let Odysseus kip by the fire with caprine animal and sheep tegument. while he slept outdoors in the cold with the swine. This besides illustrates how true they were to Xenia and Piety. In decision. this grounds is a great representation of the Greeks values and life style. The Odyssey illustrates the importance of esteeming the Gods. and of being hospitable in the Ancient Grecian civilization. The people in this narrative went to extreme steps to delight their invitees and protect their values. like kiping with swine or killing work forces who took advantage of people’s Xenia. The Odyssey taught immature schoolboys how to move. and it is obvious that cordial reception was a cardinal constituent to a Greeks mundane life.

Information System Management For Travel And Tourism

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Information System Management For Travel And Tourism? Answer: Introduction Relax Ltd is one of the very well known hotel and resort chains of the United Sates. Over the past few years, the organization has grown considerably through acquisition and merging programs and now conducts business across several destinations of the European Union and South East Asia. The acquisition process has resulted in the co-existence of several legacy information management systems throughout the organization and at present, the Information Systems Manager of the organization had been provided with a budget of around 5-8m for the development of an integrated IT system for the group. This report is aimed at providing the Board of the company of Relax Ltd an insight into the existing IT infrastructure and the risks that are associated with the said ICT systems. Besides, the reports also contain detailed information regarding the ICT systems that are currently being utilized in large scale in the tourism industry. The AS-IS Scenario As stated in the section above, the US-based tourism organization has grown over the last few years through several acquisition and merging processes: Relax Ltd started taking over resorts and hotels in Europe from 2005 onwards and had spread out their operations over various parts of South East Asia by 2010. In spite of the steady growth, the management of the organization had not emphasized on the implementation of an efficient information system and had continued with the utilization of the legacy systems that were used by the organizations that the Relax Ltd has taken over. As matter of fact, the following information systems co-exist within the IT infrastructure of Relax Ltd: 3 distinct information management systems that are used for maintaining the flow of information between the various departments of the organization: however, there exists no common shared database which can be used for the storage of data (Warren 2012). A custom designed customer relationship management system that is concerned solely with retaining old customers: however, it is worth mentioning that the system developer no longer conducts business with Relax Ltd (Amalfitano et al. 2014). The organization also utilizes 3reservation systems: one for supporting telesales operations, another for supporting the website that has been solely created for the conducting marketing and sales operations, and the third one for supporting the cloud based intermediaries like that of ebookers.com, expedia.com and Trivago (Srinivas et al. 2016) The following sections of the report are aimed at providing a detailed description of the risks that are associated with the existing system and the issues that are bound to arise in case such systems are added on without any proper integration. Risks associated with the current system At present, Relax Ltd has continued the use of the legacy systems that were inherited by the acquisition and merging process. Now, legacy systems are defined as the old and outdated technologies, computer systems or networks that are in dire need for up-gradation or replacement (Victor 2013). Thus, the primary risk associated with the utilization of legacy systems is that in case such systems might face is that since all legacy systems are essentially custom built, the vendor would stop updating the product after a specific period (Khadka et al. 2014). Needless to say, any changes that are to be incorporated in this system after the said period of time would require lump-sum investment on the part of Relax Ltd. Thus, in case the organization is unable to invest high amounts periodically, new vulnerabilities to the system would neither be detected nor be patched (Laguna and Crespo 2013). It is a well known concept that most legacy systems were developed at times when the techniques of identifying security threats were much less sophisticated that that used at present (Warren 2012). Thus, thus security systems of most legacy networks would be it able to function when targeted with the modern and sophisticated attacks that present day hackers or intruders are capable of launching (Amalfitano et al. 2014). Under such circumstances, the legacy systems being used by Relax Ltd indeed lack security. Last but not least, legacy systems are, as a matter of fact, dependent on old and backdated operating platforms. It is a well known fact that most OS vendors have stopped updating the legacy platforms, thus making them vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks (Laguna and Crespo 2013). The computer systems currently deployed at Relax Ltd are thus vulnerable to the attacks launched on the OS platform as well. Thus, the security issues associated with current computer system of Relax Ltd can be summarized as: Vulnerabilities arising from lack of vendor support. Vulnerabilities arising from old threatscape (Khadka et al. 2014). Vulnerabilities arising from insecure platforms. Evaluation of issues that could arise if the systems are increased Relax Ltd has been utilizing several legacy systems concurrently, for quite some time. Thu, it might appear to the board of directors that integrating the old systems with custom devised new ICT systems would be much easier than replacing the legacy systems entirely. However, such an integration process is found to generate the following issues: Migrating data from the legacy system to the newly developed ICT system becomes difficult as the system designers are made responsible for the herculean task of deciding the process using which data stored in the two systems would be linked to each other (Klammer and Pichler 2014). In general, system designers either use meta-data or integrate data at semantic levels: however the efficiency of each of the techniques is compromised with cost and complexity issues. Most legacy systems lack proper documentation; its becomes immensely difficult to decide on the strategies and protocols that would be utilized for connecting the system components of the legacy system with the newly developed ICT system and for routing messages between these components (Laguna and Crespo 2013). Making the legacy systems adapt to the business rules implemented in the newly developed ICT system requires high financial investment, besides being a time-consuming process (Amalfitano et al. 2014). Last but not the least, the integration with less secured legacy systems generates security vulnerabilities for the data stored and managed by the new ICT system (Alcaiz et al. 2014). Benefits of an Integrated Information System strategy to the business An integrated information system would provide Relax Ltd with the following benefits: Improving process efficiency throughout organization: It is a well known fact that each organization has to conduct certain key operation activities on a regular basis. The incorporation of an integrated information system has been found to help in the management of such key process, thus increasing their efficiency (Alkazemi, Nour and Meelud 2013). Thus, it is expected that the efficiency of the following key operational processes would be enhanced with the implementation of an integrated information system strategy at the Relax Ltd: Order management, Order fulfillment, iii. Invoicing and cash collection (Argyropoulos et al. 2015). Granting approvals. Financial consolidations and so on and so forth. Improved Visibility of information: Real time availability of data facilitates the process of efficient decision making among all other things. Since Relax Ld runs several hotels and holiday homes across several locations of the globe, a centralized and integrated information system would facilitate a drastic enhancement in the visibility of information (MihaliÄ , PraniÄ eviĆ¡ and ArneriĆ¡ 2015). This, in turn, would help the higher management of Relax Ltd developing organizational strategies. Implementing an integrated information system would also facilitate the development of intimate relations with the customers and the suppliers alike (Law, Buhalis and Cobanoglu 2014). While integrated ICT solutions would help in promoting the brand to the potential customers, customer relationship management and supply chain management systems would help in retaining customers and developing partnerships with other business organizations. Strategic alignment between travel and tourism goals and information systems: In the last few years, the tourism and hospitality sector has been immensely benefitted by the incorporation of various internet and communication systems. The following sections of the report would dwell on some such ITC systems that have facilitated the growth of the tourism industry since the last decade: E- reservation: The American Airlines was the undoubtedly the first organization to implement the first electronic reservation system way back in 1962 (Angore, Sawe and James 2014). The field of computer science and technology has gained much growth since then: however automated reservation systems still remain the most widely implemented ICT system that the tourism sector utilizes. Property Management Systems (PMSs) The last decade has witnessed the rapid incorporation of the Property Management Systems or the PMSs in the lodging and hotelier industry, the system being aimed at facilitating the sales, front office and other day-today operational functions of business like that of planning, sales, etc (eriĆ¡, Gil-Saura and Ruiz-Molina 2014). The hotelier industry has implemented PMSs aggressively with the aim of improving their inventory, for interacting with their customers in a better way and reducing operational costs. The operational functionalities that Property Management Systems are capable of managing to include the following: Reservations: PMSs are capable of managing reservation of property through emails, faxes, phone calls, online bookings through official websites, bookings from GDS and so on and so forth (Singh 2014). Check-in and Check-out facilities Guest check-in facilities are utilized for creating guest portfolios and calculating charges. On the other hand, check out facilities help in the process of providing billing information to the guests and collecting the same (Angore, Sawe and James 2014). iii. Room management Room management modules help in keeping a track on the availability of the room, thus facilitating the automated reservation system (Azevedo, Azevedo and Romo 2014). Besides the above mentioned modules, PMS s are also capable of offering services for maintaining guest records, for facilitating back office jobs and scheduling the function' rooms of a hotel facility (Singh 2014). On the other hand, the integration between automated reservation systems and PMSs have been found to be effective in reducing the response time for both customers and the management, improve the efficiency of the operational activities along with the reduction in cost and improved control over these activities (Jayawardena et al. 2013). Destination management systems: Destination Management Systems can be defined as ICT systems that are capable of consolidating and distributing tourism products utilizing a wide range of platforms and channels (Bethapudi 2013). As Destination Management Systems use customer-centric approaches in marketing and managing tourist destinations as holistic entities, organizations operating in the tourism industry utilize such systems to provide information related to tourist destinations, make reservations in real-time, devise tools for managing destinations and for supporting small, independent tourism partner organizations (Mihalic and Buhalis 2013). The systems that must be included in the organization In the light of the discussions made in the section above, the higher management of Relax Ltd is being recommended to implement the following information and communication systems within their organizational infrastructure: Integrated Enterprise Resource Planning System Enterprise resource planning systems can be defined as cross-functional software modules that facilitate organizational planning, tracking and management of the daily activities of business units (Angore, Sawe and James 2014). Driven by an integrated software-module core, ERP systems support the transportation of enterprise information (generated by the operational activities of the enterprise) throughout the organization (Azevedo, Azevedo and Romo 2014). Relax Ltd would be able to avail the following benefits through the implementation of an integrated ERP system within their organizational infrastructure: The requirement for procuring and managing multiple software systems would be reduced drastically, as integrated ERP systems support several operational activities, as conducted by the various departments of a hospitality facility, simultaneously (Mihalic and Buhalis 2013). An integrated ERP system would not only help in smooth access of enterprise data by all the departments but would also allow the management of Relax Ltd to take organizational decisions that are based on concrete information (Ruiz-Molina, Gil-Saura and eric 2013). The integration of a customized Customer Relationship Management or CRM system with the proposed ERP system would also facilitate the process of providing better services to the loyal customers of the organization (Jayawardena et al. 2013). Property Management Systems Section 3 of this report provides an insight into the various functionalities provided by the property management system or PMS. In the light of the discussions made in section 3, it can be said that the higher management of Relax Ltd should incorporate PMSs within their organizational structure to avail the following facilities: An integrated hotel property management system, besides being effective in enhancing the operational facilities, is available with surprisingly low investment (Singh 2014). Thus, the incorporation of such an ICT system would invariably act as a cost effective operational management tool. The property management system also facilitates the process of generating reports and efficient recording of enterprise information. With the incorporation of this ICT system, the employees of Relax Ltd would be able to register any malfunctioning operational element (with the PMS system) and report the higher authorities without any delay (Mihalic and Buhalis 2013). Along with the above mentioned factors, a PMS would also be beneficial to the housekeeping services of the hotel chain (Jayawardena et al. 2013). Conclusion and Recommendations This report contains detailed discussions on the ICT systems that are currently being utilized by Relax Ltd and changes that need to be incorporated into their organizational infrastructure. In the light of the discussions made in section 2 of the report, it can be concluded that the organization should immediately stop using their legacy systems and incorporate enhanced and customized ICT systems to support their organizational activities. The hospitality and tourism industry has been immensely benefitted by the growth achieved by the information and communication industry in the last few decades. This sector has been observed to be efficiently reaping the advantages of a bunch of specialized ICT systems, the said systems being aimed at increasing the efficiency of the operational activities of hotels and lodging facilities. Some such ICT systems have been discussed in section 3 and 4 of this report, so as to bring them in to the notice of higher management. In the light of the discussions made in this report, the following recommendations are being provided to the board of directors of Relax Ltd: The utilization of the existing legacy systems should be stopped at once as these systems are vulnerable to a wide range of security risks. New systems should not be randomly incorporated into the organization as such incorporations would only increase the risks of security breaches. It is being recommended to the management to consider replacing the legacy systems with modern ICT systems (recommended in section 4 of this report). References Alcaiz, L.M., Rosado, D.G., Mellado, D. and Fernndez-Medina, E., 2014. Security in Legacy Systems Migration to the Cloud: A Systematic Mapping Study. InWOSIS(pp. 26-37). Alkazemi, B.Y., Nour, M.K. and Meelud, A.Q., 2013, October. Towards a Framework to Assess Legacy Systems. InSystems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 924-928). IEEE. Amalfitano, D., Fasolino, A.R., Maggio, V., Tramontana, P., Di Mare, G., Ferrara, F. and Scala, S., 2014, February. Migrating legacy spreadsheets-based systems to Web MVC architecture: an industrial case study. InSoftware Maintenance, Reengineering and Reverse Engineering (CSMR-WCRE), 2014 Software Evolution Week-IEEE Conference on(pp. 387-390). IEEE. Angore, M., Sawe, B. and James, K., 2014. Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Service Delivery in selected Hotels in Coast Region, Kenya.African Journal of Tourism and Hospitality,1(1). Argyropoulos, N., Alcaiz, L.M., Mouratidis, H., Fish, A., Rosado, D.G., de Guzmn, I.G.R. and Fernndez-Medina, E., 2015. Eliciting Security Requirements for Business Processes of Legacy Systems. InThe Practice of Enterprise Modeling(pp. 91-107). Springer International Publishing. Azevedo, P.S., Azevedo, C. and Romo, M., 2014. Application Integration: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems in the Hospitality Industry. A case study in Portugal.Procedia Technology,16, pp.52-58. Bethapudi, A., 2013. The role of ICT in Tourism Industry.Journal of Applied Economics and Business,1(4), pp.67-79. Jayawardena, C., Pollard, A., Chort, V., Choi, C. and Kibicho, W., 2013. Trends and sustainability in the Canadian tourism and hospitality industry.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,5(2), pp.132-150. Khadka, R., Batlajery, B.V., Saeidi, A.M., Jansen, S. and Hage, J., 2014, May. How do professionals perceive legacy systems and software modernization?. InProceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 36-47). ACM. Klammer, C. and Pichler, J., 2014, February. Towards tool support for analyzing legacy systems in technical domains. InSoftware Maintenance, Reengineering and Reverse Engineering (CSMR-WCRE), 2014 Software Evolution Week-IEEE Conference on(pp. 371-374). IEEE. Laguna, M.A. and Crespo, Y., 2013. A systematic mapping study on software product line evolution: From legacy system reengineering to product line refactoring.Science of Computer Programming,78(8), pp.1010-1034. Law, R., Buhalis, D. and Cobanoglu, C., 2014. Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), pp.727-750. Mihalic, T. and Buhalis, D., 2013. ICT as a new competitive advantage factor-Case of small transitional hotel sector.Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe,15(1), p.33. MihaliÄ , T., PraniÄ eviĆ¡, D.G. and ArneriĆ¡, J., 2015. The changing role of ICT competitiveness: the case of the Slovenian hotel sector.Economic Research-Ekonomska IstraÃ…Â ¾ivanja,28(1), pp.367-383. Ruiz-Molina, M.E., Gil-Saura, I. and eric, M., 2013. The use of ICT in established and emerging tourist destinations: a comparative analysis in hotels.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology,4(2), pp.96-118. eriĆ¡, M., Gil-Saura, I. and Ruiz-Molina, M.E., 2014. How can integrated marketing communications and advanced technology influence the creation of customer-based brand equity? Evidence from the hospitality industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,39, pp.144-156. Singh, T., 2014. Impact of incorporated customer relationship-An insight towards Hospitality Industry in realms of CRM integrated framework.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(7), p.381. Srinivas, M., Ramakrishna, G., Rao, K.R. and Babu, E.S., 2016. Analysis of Legacy System in Software Application Development: A Comparative Survey.International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE),6(1). Victor, B., 2013. Revisiting legacy systems and legacy modernization from the industrial perspective. Warren, I., 2012.The renaissance of legacy systems: method support for software-system evolution. Springer Science Business Media.

Hamlet Essay Example

Hamlet Essay English Thesis Paper A great number of lessons can be learned from Hamlet by Shakespeare. A very important lesson is that not everyone wants a leader, but every kingdom needs one. What is meant by this is that in a kingdom there will always be people who are not in favor of the person in charge. However, in a functioning kingdom a strong leader is of essence. The arrival of Fortinbras in Act 5 Scene 2 of Hamlet is clear evidence that Shakespeare was in hopes of a noble leader replacing Elizabeth. Shakespeare believed that corruption was swarming in the state of England, and a noble leader was needed to replace her. Horatio makes it clear that conspicuous proceedings are going on in the state of Denmark. â€Å"In what particular thought to work I knew not, but in the gross and scope of my opinion, this bodes some strange eruption to our state† (Horatio-Act. 1 Scene 1- Lines 79-81). This was quite and deep quote that was made by Horatio. What Horatio was trying to say here was that something fishy was going on in his state, and that a change of the guard was needed. He was not quite sure what exactly was going on, but Horatio could sense that revolution was bound to take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our secondary source made it clear that there was rebellion sprouting in England. As it reads, â€Å"The seeds of rebellion sprouted in the North, far from London and the influence of the court, amid a rugged landscape dominated by magnates who clung to their old ways and resented royal intrusions† (What Life was like in the Realm of Elizabeth P. 47). This quote is supportive of Horatio’s assertion that conspicuous behavior was going on in the state. This quote makes it clear that there was resentment to the ruler in place, and that a people’s uprise was certainly on its way. In Hamlet it becomes clear that the state of Denmark was in for a rude awakening. In fact, it is said outright by a character in the play. â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark†(Marcellus- Act 1 Scene 4 line 100). This statement made it clear that Shakespeare, through other characters in the play, was hinting at the fact that there was need for change in the way that the kingdom was being run. This statement shows that Shakespeare clearly was voicing his own opinion through a character in his play. In our secondary source we found that â€Å"Poverty was rising and vagrancy with it†(What Life was like in the Realm of Elizabeth p. 8). Vagrants are individuals without regular income who travel from place to place and are seen as a threat to social order. The government was certainly not fond of these vagrants. The government considered most of these vagrants to be idlers who chose to be poor and lazy. This just adds pollution to the already clouded air of the k ingdom of England at the time. In addition to the corruption and the threat of rebellion, the people were getting poorer, and the government’s view of their people was becoming more and more pessimistic. The issues associated with Elizabeth were enhanced in 1568. Peace at home was shattered in 1568 with the arrival of Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin Mary Stuart, who had been forced to abdicate the Scottish throne† (What Life Was Like in the Realm of Elizabeth, p. 80). Elizabeth faced a great deal of turmoil with the arrival of her cousin. Elizabeth knew that there was a constituency of English Catholics who wanted Mary to be their ruler. In fact, Elizabeth felt so threatened by her cousin that Mary was sanctioned to house arrest. A rebellion by Mary’s supporters broke out, but it was quickly extinguished by Elizabeth’s troops. However, this made it quite clear that Elizabeth was not supported as the leader across the board. Shakespeare is emphasizing a kingly quality through the words of Hamlet. â€Å"Rightly to be great is not to stir without great argument, but greatly find quarrel in a straw when honors at the steak† (Hamlet Act 4 Scene 4 lines 52-54). Speaking through Hamlet, Shakespeare is showing that he believes that a ruler should know how to pick their battles. What Hamlet is saying is that a great ruler should not fight for an unworthy task, but should bring up a fight when honor at steak. This is an astute assertion by Hamlet, because a great ruler should have the discretion to know when it is right to take up conflict. Elizabeth was trying to extend her views beyond her reign. In fact, her successor was already decided upon. â€Å"Before she died, Elizabeth acknowledged as her successor Mary Stuart’s son, James, thus ensuring England would remain Protestant†(What Life was like in the Realm of Elizabeth p. 151). This likely perturbed Shakespeare. In Hamlet, Fortinbras’ arrival in the state of Denmark signals a change of the guard in terms of rule. The arrival of Fortinbras likely shows that Shakespeare wanted to see a change in the rule in the state of England. Diplomacy is another aspect of kingship that was brought up by Shakespeare. In Hamlet, towards the end, there was quite a bit of bloodshed amongst the people in the court. After Fortinbras arrived and claimed the throne, there was an issue of what to do with the dead bodies that were left. Horatio had quite a noble plan regarding what to do with the dead. â€Å"Speak loudly for him. Take up the bodies. Such as there becomes the field but here show much amiss. Go, bid the soldiers shoot† (Horatio, Act 5, Scene 2, Line 445). This quote expresses the belief that the court is no place for dead bodies, it is not a battlefield. This is also a sign of the morality in leadership that Shakespeare clearly is hoping for. Even after all of the dust had settled, and bodies were laying out, it is clear that diplomacy is something that the new leadership possesses. Our secondary source reinforces the idea that Shakespeare appreciated the aspect of building a nation the right way. â€Å"The strong association between nation-building and history writing was clearly appreciated by Shakespeare. The way that the crude matter of the past events, could be selected shaped and given meaning in a satisfying narrative, itself became the subject of drama†(The Sixteenth Century, p. 167). This shows that the future is often built upon what happened in the past. People can use the past to learn from mistakes and act in a more beneficial way the next time a situation arises. Although in Hamlet the past was clearly bleak, the new leadership is trying to use the past to learn what they should to in order to become a more successful nation. It is clear that Shakespeare was looking for Queen Elizabeth’s successor to be a person who could use the past to help improve the future of England. Another idea that became clear is that a person’s bad character becomes the contagion, and this contagion contaminates the entire kingdom. A kingdom that is ruled corruptly will undoubtedly fall victim to corruption itself. Hamlet provides insight into this idea. â€Å"The dream of evil doth all the nobles substance of a doubt to his own scandal† (Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 4, Lines 38-41). What Shakespeare was saying through Hamlet was that the character of a ruler transcends itself onto the character of the citizens. For example, when there is controversy based on the action of a leader, people in the kingdom will either support or disapprove of the leader’s actions. The people who support the ruler’s corrupt actions will, in turn, act in an evil and corrupt manner because they believe that the actions of their leader warrants this kind of behavior. We also found evidence of Queen Elizabeth having resentment towards the people who questioned her. According to our secondary source, â€Å"In the Privacy of her secret lodgings, she denounced those ‘wrongdoing subjects’ who challenged her judgment on marriage and succession†(The Sixteenth Century p. 173). This clearly gives evidence as to why Shakespeare was so disappointed with the rule of the state of England. This shows that Queen Elizabeth resented a good number of her citizens. A ruler who resents their subjects is asking for trouble. Once a ruler puts their stance over the stance of the people, it shows that the ruler is compromised. There was also evidence of a royal cover up that was orchestrated by Queen Elizabeth. In February 1587, the warrant for Mary’s execution was signed but Elizabeth ordered her secretary to show it to no one†¦.. justified their action as taken for [the queen’s] special service tending to the safety of her royal person. Elizabeth sought to hang Davison by royal prerogative for allowing the warrant to leave his possession†¦. judges pronounced this course of action imprudent and almost certainly illegal†(The Sixteenth Century p. 135). This is clear and decisive evidence that Queen Elizabeth was in the midst of some sort of royal cover up. It is curious that she did not want anybody to know about the hanging of Mary. The fact that she wanted a separate person hung for letting the warrant be publicized only reveals more about the cruelty that Queen Elizabeth was capable of. Queen Elizabeth’s underhanded actions only further explain why Shakespeare wrote about the need for a new more noble leader. Aside from the bad character of the ruler, it becomes clear that there is something brewing in the state of England, which is being covered up with lies and false perceptions. Polonius hints at this in Hamlet. Take this from this, if this be otherwise. If circumstances lead me, I will find where the truth is hid, through it were hid, indeed, within the center†(Polonius, Act 2 Scene 2 Lines 168-171). Through Polonius, Shakespeare is hinting at the fact that there is corruption somewhere within the state. In a noble manner, Polonius states that he will get to the bottom of whatever was happening, but he does not know what exactly is going on. Our secondary source also indicates that the government was looking to scapegoat people who may not have been involved in any scandal. According to our secondary source,† Gerard†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦reminded them that he had been examined time and time again, and they had not produced a single trustworthy witness to show that I had taken part in any activities against the government†(What Life was like in the Realm of Elizabeth, p. 103). This tells a great deal about the reign of Elizabeth. The government was so hell-bent on covering their actions that they resorted to scapegoating people who had done no wrong. Soon, Essex had had enough of the rule of Elizabeth. Essex could not tolerate such chastisement and soon hatched a plot against the queen and her advisers including Raleigh. Joining Essex were other disaffected aristocrats who had squandered their fortunes and hoped to profit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (What Life was like in the Realm of Elizabeth, p. 150). This shows even further that Elizabeth was not a popular ruler. Many people, including Shakespeare wanted her gone. Any time a rebellion is struck it is a sign of dissatisfaction with the ruler. It is now clear that Elizabeth’s support was waning, and that a changing of the guard was in order. In a decaying world under the ruling of the state, change must take affect. Hamlet summarizes what is going on in the state of Denmark. â€Å"Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely†(Hamlet Act 1 Scene 2 Lines 137-139). This is quite a bleak description of society. The weeds in this decaying world appear to symbolize evil and lies. The â€Å"things† that rank and gross in nature appear to represent humanity. The picture that Hamlet paints is of a society that contains citizens that seem to go about in their ordinary manner while evil and lies exist in society. Instead of trying to â€Å"weed out† the evil and lies, society carries on as if nothing is wrong. It also is indicated in one of our secondary sources that there was a great deal of begging and petty crime going on in the state of England. â€Å"Although the rogue pamphlets of the period described an organized hierarchy of criminal vagrants who frequently operated in the groups†¦There is little evidence of organized crime†¦Many of them on the road looking for work and willing to beg or resort to casual theft if no work was forthcoming†(The Sixteenth Century, p. 6). This clearly gives an indication of how the quality of life was decaying in the state of England in that time. With all the chaos that was going on around Elizabeth, nobody was paying attention to the people who were at the poorer end of the economic spectrum. Shakespeare was obviously annoyed at the fact that Elizabeth’s reign was causing a great deal of people to fall into peasantry. It is clear that change needed to take place. The arrival of Fortinbras indicates the end of a very troubling era in the kingdom of Denmark. Fortinbras realizes that he has inherited the kingdom. â€Å"With sorrow I embrace my fortune. I have some rights of memory in the kingdom, which now to claim my vantage doth invite me†(Fortinbras Act 5 Scene 2 Lines 407-409). Shakespeare, through Fortinbras, is accepting the new ruler of the state of England. In Hamlet, Fortinbras took over after a very unpopular ruling. Likewise, in the state of England, when King James I was accepted as the new ruler of the state of England it indicated a changing of the guard at the ruler’s position. The rule of King James I brought about a new philosophy in the kingdom. â€Å"With his execution in 1572, there were no more dukes in England until James I’s sentimental elevation of young Villars†(Elizabethan Renaissance, p. 120). The era of ruler’s appointing there people into office appeared to be over. Elizabeth’s kingdom fell similarly to Hamlet, and Fortinbras took over in a similar manner to King James I. An important lesson learned in Hamlet is that not everybody wants to be a leader, but every kingdom needs one. The arrival or Fortinbras demonstrates that Shakespeare was in hopes of a noble leader replacing Queen Elizabeth. The characters in Hamlet is representative of the kingdom of England at that time of Queen Elizabeth. Shakespeare hints at lies and conspiracies which the people were sublime to, and he knew that change was necessary in the ruling in order to save the kingdom of England. Shakespeare was a great philosophical writer who had a great talent with words. However, one may say that Shakespeare predicted the future of the state of England through the play of Hamlet. He showed that although not everybody wants to be a leader, every kingdom needs a leader. Works Cited Collinson, Patrick. The Sixteenth Century, 1485-1603. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. Print. Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000. Print. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: Washington Square/Pocket, 1992. Print. Time Life Books, ed. What Life Was like in the Realm of Elizabeth: England, AD 1533-1603. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1998. Print. Hamlet Essay Example Hamlet Essay Hamlet, the prince of Denmark was very upset by his fathers death, in the battle with the Norwegians. Then, Claudius, prince Hamlets uncle became the king and married Queen Gertrude. Once, when prince Hamlet and his best friend Horatio were having a chat, the spirit of King Hamlet who was murdered on the battle with Norwegians, came and told them that Claudius was the real murderer of him. He poisoned him to death.Proving this was a difficult task. Prince Hamlet thought of an idea; he asked some players to perform The murder of Gonzalo which related to the murder of king Hamlet. While watching the murder of the king in the play Claudius shouted with fear and anger. This convinced prince Hamlet about his fathers murder. Claudius was very scared and to take revenge with prince Hamlet, he organized a fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes, a counselors son. Laertes was using poisoned sword and the drinking water meant for Hamlet was also poisoned. In the match the queen die by drink ing the poisoned water and Laertes, Claudius and Hamlet died by being stabbed by the poisoned sword. Now, Horatio became the new king of Denmark. I didnt like the story much because of the bad ending of the story. The antagonist as well as the protagonist died, which made the story very dull. The part I hated the most was the ending, when every one died by being stabbed by the poisoned sword. The main character in this story is Prince Hamlet of Denmark. I liked him because of the intelligence. He was so determined to find out the proof of the murder of King Hamlet. Buy anyway, he died at last which made me feel sorry for him.

Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Example

Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Example Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Tourism is an of import beginning of economic growing in the Caribbean. Indeed, it is one of the most of import industrial sectors in some states in the sub part. Furthermore, its significance to any one state increases in conformity with the measure of tourism-related services associated with the sector. The World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) has declared that international touristry figures increased by 2 % during 2007, and has predicted that the figure of international tourers will make the 1.6 billion grade by the twelvemonth 2020. What needs to be considered is how many of those possible tourers would see the Caribbean and what impact clime alteration would hold on that figure. There is no uncertainty that clime is an of import influence on the touristry sector. Numerous surveies that analyze climate informations indicate that our clime is altering ; for illustration, the mean planetary temperature has increased by about 0.6a? °C during the 20th century. More than that, the rate of addition in air temperature in the Caribbean bomber part has exceeded the international mean ( Mimura et al, 2007 ) . These forecasted climatic alterations could potentially hold deductions for the tourer industry in the Caribbean and around the Earth. Climate can hold physical, physiological and psychological ( Table 1 ) effects for visitants to a finish. For illustration, the air temperature can do the possible activities of visitants to the Caribbean less gratifying due to the portion uncomfortableness of traveling out-of-doorss. Indeed, Lise and Tol ( 2002, pp.430 ) in an scrutiny of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) group of states reported that visitants tend to prefer temperatures of around 21 °C at their pick of vacation finish and they suggested that planetary heating could therefore lead to a displacement off from some finishs that either go excessively hot or excessively cold. This survey attempts to find the possible impact of clime alteration on Caribbean states, utilizing tourer reachings, clime ( represented by temperature and precipitation ) et al economic information for the 1989-2007 period. A cardinal aim is to gauge the economic impact of clime alteration on touristry income under four clime alteration scenarios ( A1, A2, B1 and B2 ) . It will besides augment a standard theoretical account of touristry demand with an index of climatic characteristics developed by Lewis-Bynoe et Al. ( 2009 ) for the Caribbean. The prognostic ability of the theoretical account is so evaluated and employed to calculate the possible impact of alterations in climatic characteristics on regional touristry demand. It will besides supply estimations of the importance of climatic characteristics to historical touristry demand in the Caribbean. Harmonizing to Braun et Al ( 1999, pp.249 ) , environmental factors are cardinal constituents when tourers choose a vacation finish. There is converting grounds to demo that the universe s clime will go on to alter during this century. Future fluctuations in temperature et Al facets associated with clime alteration will hold differing effects on different parts worldwide. It is extremely likely that most of these direct effects of clime alteration, and their subsequent indirect effects, would hold an impact on the Caribbean bomber part. Reappraisal of Literature Most of the early attacks to measuring the impact of clime alteration on touristry focused on a individual variable: temperature. One of the earliest surveies in the country, Abegg and Koenig ( 1997, pp.47 ) , evaluated the impact of predicted alterations in conditions conditions on the winter touristry industry in Switzerland. Abegg and Koenig ( 1997, pp55 ) reported that, under current clime conditions, 85 % of all Swiss ski countries are snow-reliable. However, this figure would drop to 63 % if temperatures were to lift by 2 °C and hence have deductions for regionally balanced economic growing. Harmonizing to Scott et Al ( 2004, pp.74 ) , the interrelatedness between the conditions and touristry has featured in surveies dating from the 1930s. In 1936, for illustration, Selke wrote on the geographic facets of the German tourer trade. So far, these surveies have been few, and merely in recent times has the literature on touristry started to increase. These touristry surveies, as stated by Hamilton and Tol ( 2007, pp.250 ) , focused chiefly on economic factors and did non include clime variables in the modeling procedure. The surveies had short time-horizons, and clime was taken to be a changeless variable. However, there is much grounds to demo that clime will alter in the long tally, and that this alteration is being hastened by human activities. Lise and Tol ( 2002, pp.439 ) , besides utilizing temperature as their chief step of the effects of clime alteration, usage arrested development techniques to happen the optimum or preferable temperatures of visitants emanating from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) group of states. The writers report that visitants from these states tend to prefer a temperature of around 21 °C at their pick of vacation finish. Lise and Tol hence suggest that planetary heating could therefore in a displacement off from some finishs that either go excessively hot or excessively cold. One of the jobs of the attacks suggested supra is that they focus on merely one peculiar feature of a finish s conditions ( temperature ) to do anticipations of likely impact of clime alteration. Mieczkowski ( 1985, pp.220 ) , nevertheless, conceptualized that tourer finishs are normally characterized by climatic conditions that would be most comfy for the mean visitant. The writer hence developed a touristry clime index ( TCI ) that was a leaden norm of seven ( 7 ) climatic variables: ( 1 ) monthly means for maximal day-to-day temperature ; ( 2 ) mean day-to-day temperature ; ( 3 ) minimal day-to-day comparative humidness ; ( 4 ) mean day-to-day comparative humidness ; ( 5 ) entire precipitation ; ( 6 ) entire hours of sunlight and ; ( 7 ) norm wind velocity. The deliberate TCI ranged from -20 ( impossible ) to 100 ( ideal ) . While imitating the TCI under assorted clime alteration scenarios provides of import information on the comparative attraction of a finish in the hereafter, it can non supply estimations of the impact these alterations are likely to hold on touristry demand. As a consequence, some writers have used the generated TCI in a theoretical account of touristry demand to project the possible impact of these forecasted alterations on touristry characteristics. Hein ( 2007, pp.2 ) , for illustration, augments a theoretical account of touristry demand in Spain with the TCI index for this state to place the possible impact that changes in climatic conditions can hold on the hereafter of the industry at that place. The writer found that tourer flows to this finish could fall by up to 20 per centum by 2080 compared to 2004, mostly due to higher temperatures during the summer. However, during the spring and fall, there could be increased visitant reachings. Rather than concentrating on the climatic characteristics of the place finish, Berrittella et Al. ( 2006, pp.915 ) effort to see the effects of clime alteration on the general ingestion penchants of tourers utilizing a universe estimable general equilibrium theoretical account to measure the possible effects of clime alteration. The impact of clime alteration on touristry is captured through two channels: alterations in private domestic purchases to be specific and international income transportations, since disbursement by visitants in the domestic economic system impacts ingestion every bit good as income transportations. Berrittella et Al. ( 2006, pp.920 ) undertaking that net also-rans are likely to be Western Europe, energy exporting states and the remainder of the universe, which contains the Caribbean, and are forecasted to be become excessively hot to be pleasant. Hamilton et Al. ( 2005, pp.245 ) besides obtain similar projections by utilizing a theoretical account of planeta ry touristry flows to project the possible impact of higher temperatures on tourer flows. Empirical Approach The TCI is a utile manner to summaries the possible deductions that climate alteration could hold on the attraction of a finish. It does non, nevertheless, present a quantitative appraisal of the likely impact on touristry demand. To obtain such an estimation, a standard demand theoretical account is augmented with the TCIs for each Caribbean island every bit good as that for its rivals. Based on Kim and Uysal ( 1997 ) , Lathiras and Siriopoulos ( 1998 ) , Lee, Var and Blaine ( 1996 ) , Lim ( 1997, pp.84 ) every bit good as Song and Witt ( 2000, pp450 ) the touristry demand theoretical account is assumed to take the undermentioned signifier: Arrit = ?’ ( Yit, PtB / PitS, PtB / PtC, Fit, EXit ) ( Equation 2 ) Arrit are entire visitant reachings from beginning market I in period T, Yit is the income in the beginning market, PtB / PitS is the comparative monetary value of Barbados and the beginning market, PtB / PtC is the comparative monetary value in Barbados and its chief rival, Fit is the cost of travel between Barbados and the beginning market and EXit is the bilateral exchange rate. To account for the impact of clime characteristics on touristry demand, Equation ( 2 ) is augmented with a comparative TCI ( comparative to rivals ) this expression was obtained from Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) : Arrit = degree Fahrenheit ( Yit, PtB / PitS, PtB / PtC, Fit, EXit, TCItB / TCIiC ) ( Equation 3 ) Some of the variables included in the specification are improbable to be stationary. Ignoring the non-stationary of the variables in the arrested development theoretical account can take to invalid illations ( Pesaran and Smith, 1998 ) . Therefore the autoregressive distributed slowdown ( ARDL ) model ( Pesaran and Shin, 1999 ; Pesaran et al. , 2001 ) to gauging long run relationships between variables is employed. The attack to proving for the being of a relationship between variables in degrees is appropriate whether the implicit in regressors are I ( 0 ) or I ( 1 ) . Four emanations scenarios ( A1, A2, B2 and B1 ) outlined by the IPCC are besides examined. The emanations scenarios assume that the chief drive forces of future nursery gas path will go on to be a alteration in demographic, societal and economic development, and the rate and way of alteration in engineering. The A1 and B1 scenarios are based on the low International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis ( IIASA ) 1996 population projections: the universe population is expected to lift to 8.7 billion by 2050 and fall toward 7 billion by 2100 due to a decrease in birthrate every bit good as mortality. In contrast, the B2 scenario uses the long-run United Nation s ( UN ) Medium 1998 population projection of 10.4 billion by 2100, while the A2 scenario assumes a high population growing of 15 billion by 2100 owing to a important diminution in mortality for most parts ( IPCC, 2000 ) . All scenarios exclude surprise or catastrophe scenarios. Table 2 SRES plot lines used for ciphering future nursery gas et Al pollutant emanations Storyline Description A1 Very rapid economic growing ; population peaks mid-century ; societal, cultural and economic convergence among parts ; market mechanisms dominate. Subdivisions: A1F1 trust on fossil fuels ; A1T trust on non-fossil fuels ; A1B a balance across all fuel beginnings A2 Self trust ; saving of local individualities ; continuously increasing population ; economic growing on regional graduated tables B1 Clean and efficient engineerings ; decrease in stuff usage ; planetary solutions to economic, societal and environmental sustainability ; improved equity ; population peaks mid-century B2 Local solutions to sustainability ; continuously increasing population at a lower rate than in A2 ; less rapid technological alteration than in B1 and A1 Beginning: Table A.2, page 107 of the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme UKCIP02 clime scenarios proficient study The emanation scenarios provide 16 combinations of clime theoretical account and emanation scenarios that cover 93 per centum of the possible scope of planetary clime alteration foreseen by the IPCC ( W.R. Moore, 2010 ) . Since each of the scenarios is merely every bit likely the norm of the 16 scenarios is employed. These forecasted clime indexs are used to cipher the awaited alteration in the TCI for each of the 18 Caribbean states under probe. Consequences Using the methodological approached outlined in the old subdivision ; trials for stationarity were undertaken for all the variables under consideration. Given the importance of climatic characteristics to regional touristry demand, it is of import to measure the possible effects that climate alteration can hold on future viability of the industry. One manner to measure the impact of clime alteration on the regional tourer industry is to derive projections for the TCI under assorted clime alteration scenarios and use the touristry demand theoretical account to obtain possible scenarios for regional touristry. The touristry demand theoretical account is estimated utilizing informations from 1980 to 2000 and so employed to calculating tourer reachings over assorted skylines between 2001 and 2004. The prediction public presentation is assessed comparative to two naif theoretical accounts: ( 1 ) a theoretical account with merely a changeless and ( 2 ) a theoretical account with a changeless and a lagged dependant variable and ( 3 ) is an estimated touristry demand theoretical account. Based on the consequences, it suggests that the estimated touristry demand is making better than the other counter parts. Table 3 Forecast rating statistics ( 2001-2004 ) . 1-Year skyline 2-Year prediction skyline 4-Year prediction skyline M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 RMSE 1.074 0.426 0.263 1.075 0.572 0.278 1.064 0.789 0.331 MAE 0.643 0.214 0.197 0.641 0.283 0.211 0.668 0.434 0.246 Thiel 0.044 0.017 0.011 0.044 0.023 0.011 0.044 0.032 0.013 Cov. Prop. 0.678 0.833 0.681 0.679 0.812 0.695 0.657 0.743 0.725 Notes: M1 is a theoretical account with merely a changeless, M2 is a theoretical account with merely a changeless and lagged dependant variable, while M3 is the touristry demand theoretical account estimated earlier. Beginning: Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) .The forecast rating statistics provided above hence imply that the touristry demand theoretical account can be employed to calculate the impact of alterations in touristry characteristics likely to happen from clime alteration. Table 4 below illustrates the estimated clime alteration on the four most likely scenarios within the Caribbean. The tabular array shows that in A1 and A2 climate alteration scenarios, suggests little betterment in touristry demand in the Caribbean due to climate alterations, while B1 and B2 climate alteration scenarios suggest that the regional tourer industry can diminish to approximately 1.2 % per twelvemonth due to climate craps. It besides shows and increase across the four scenarios in some of the Caribbean states for illustration Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti and so forth, while St. Lucia would be sing a diminution across all four scenarios of reachings. Table 4 Projected Annual Growths in Tourist Arrivals ( 2071-2100 ) State % Deviation from Baseline A1FI A2 B1 B2 Antigua 2.203 2.203 -0.112 -0.112 Aruba 2.694 2.694 -3.732 -3.732 Barbados 0.491 0.491 -0.154 -5.935 Bermuda 0.449 0.449 -5.977 -4.694 British Virgin Islands 2.203 2.203 -0.112 1.171 Cayman Islands 2.203 2.203 -0.112 1.171 Dominica 7.597 7.597 1.171 1.171 Dominican Republic 6.391 7.597 1.171 1.171 Grenada 2.016 2.016 -4.410 -4.410 Haiti 2.694 2.694 1.171 1.171 Jamaica 2.203 2.203 -5.693 -5.693 Montserrat 6.315 6.315 -0.112 -0.112 St. Kitts 7.597 8.803 2.377 2.377 St. Lucia -0.048 -0.048 -0.247 -0.247 St. Vincent 2.377 2.377 -4.049 -4.049 Suriname 7.597 7.597 2.640 2.640 Trinidad and Tobago 3.019 1.370 -5.057 -5.057 Average 3.222 3.265 -1.180 -1.287 Change in Entire Tourist Expenditure ( 2004 $ ) 321.035 356.386 -118.208 -146.099 Beginning: Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) Decision The Caribbean industry has been one of the chief resources for growing and development in a state. Therefore it is of import to measure possible menaces that will impact that industry and seek to protect the touristry industry from any of those menaces. One of the chief menaces that have been late identified in recent old ages is climate alteration. Climate alteration can hold possible impacts on both the supply and demand side of the tourer merchandises. On the supply side an addition in frequence and strength of tropical storms can impact the hotel industries every bit good as the tourer attractive forces, while on the demand side a alteration in clime can do a displacement in visitant s forms. In this research paper it provides a possible appraisal of the possible impacts a alteration in part climes could hold on touristry demand. The touristry demand is estimated utilizing a database incorporating information on the reachings and cardinal explanatory variables for 18 Caribbean states which were achieved from the board of touristry and from Mr. Winston Ricardo Moore. The theoretical account is estimated utilizing informations over the period 1980-2004. Using informations on the parts likely climatic alteration from the touristry demand theoretical account was employed to excite the impact of alterations in climatic characteristics on reachings. The lone restrictions to this paper is that it ignores the possible decrease in touristry demand that could happen if the part is capable to higher frequence of hurricanes and natural catastrophes. If this occurs the demand for the parts merchandise could be affected if climate alteration leads to set down loss, a decrease in biodiversity every bit good as harm the hotel industries. The steps that would be put in topographic point for the bar of theses catastrophes may besides do deductions in the long draw for trips to the Caribbean.

Labor Law DIscussion board 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor Law DIscussion board 3 - Essay Example In Amanda’s case this law presents itself as the most significant resource Amanda has. Amanda has a sick family member and she can’t run the risk of losing her job. With a lot at stake she should seek legal advice on how well to interpret the Family Medical Leave Act. According to the law Amanda is entitled to a 12 week leave to take care of her mum. During this period Amanda does not face the risk of losing her job. However, the law does not provide specifications on whether or not an employee should be provided with medical funds in such a scenario. Additionally, the law does not provide specifications on whether or not an employee should be compensated for the days they spend out of work. But in Amanda’s case the law is the best resource Amanda can be exposed to disregarding the employee- employer contract. The employment contract Amanda signed holds the most significance in this case. The provisions of the contract are always adhered to till termination of the contract. If the provisions of the working contract gave no room for such health policies, Amanda’s employers have an upper hand in the case. However, every citizen is entitled to service by the judiciary system in such situations. Amanda could seek court action to stop her employers for withdrawing her health benefits of her working contract. Additionally, Amanda may legal action to have a medical leave under which her employment contract would also be valid and her health benefits are not withdrawn. These are the only two scenarios that Amanda may have an upper hand. However, her employers may counter these claims by agreeing to pay up the health benefits but request to terminate her working contract. This is because for an unknown period of time Amanda may be out of the working schedule of the company which would in tu rn mean that the organization may find a